I don't know what is causing the trouble yet... For me running the permissions check helped to install the Creative Cloud Connection, but not any of the major programs.
I managed to get Flash installed though, but finding a direct download link.
If you scroll down, you will find this text and link:
Download from the direct link
Click here to download Flash Player.
That made Flash install on my end, but there is still a long way to go, to get the rest up and running.
I am calling Adobe support again tomorrow, to get this straight. I would advise you to try the same, else I will get back with an update from here afterwards.
I get the exact same errors as you are mentioning.